The study was explained to all participants before answering the questionnaire. We conducted a cross-sectional study from February 2017 to May 2017 to evaluate the prevalence of AAS abuse. Our primary goal was to assess the prevalence of AAS abuse among gym participants we also assessed AAS-related knowledge and attitudes among users. However, there are very few studies on gym participants’ habits and knowledge about this substance. Over the last few years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of gyms in Saudi Arabia, which is associated with positive changes in people’s attitudes towards exercise and bodybuilding. Additionally, AAS use has been associated with psychiatric complications including violent behavior and suicide ( 12, 13). There are numerous reports of hepatic dysfunction and a marked elevation in serum levels of aminotransferases ( 10, 11). A recent study showed that bodybuilders who used AAS for years developed proteinuria and a severe reduction in kidney function ( 10). These complications include risk of sudden death, chronic damage to vital organs ( 7), myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation ( 8), and effects on kidney function ( 9). AAS is often associated with some serious adverse effects, which are generally dose-related ( 6). In the past decade, AAS abuse has been increasing and spreading among professionals, as well as youths taking part in daily sporting events ( 5). Regular exercise reduces coronary heart disease and stroke risk, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, and depression ( 4). Inactivity is described as a “silent killer,” and has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths) after high blood pressure (13%) and tobacco use (9%) ( 4). The first time athletes used an exogenous substance to improve their performance was over 3000 years ago ( 2), and many athletes have been using AAS for the same purpose since 1950 ( 3).Įxercise has many benefits to help people live longer and healthier lives, as it also has an effect on the overall appearance of the body. The anabolic properties are the dominant effect of AAS drugs, while the androgenic properties are weaker. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are synthetic drugs with testosterone-like hormones that have anabolic and androgenic properties ( 1).
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